How is the atmosphere of evil achieved in Macbeth? Essay

† Fair is foul, and foul is reasonable; Float through the mist and dirty air† (I,i,L-11-12) The witches promptly put things in place for the entire play with these two lines toward the finish of Scene One. They are depicting a job inversion where everything that was acceptable is presently shrewd, and everything that was insidious has gotten great. These ‘creatures’ (for there is some uncertainty with respect to whether they are really human) are liable for a significant part of the environment that is made in the play overall). They are additionally one of the main thrusts behind Macbeth’s aspiration, provided that they hadn’t disclosed to him that he’d â€Å"†¦be King hereafter† (I,iii, L-50) he could never have needed to become King, or if nothing else he would have hung tight. The witches consequently gave him the underlying spike to slaughter Duncan, and are the reason for unnatural impacts that occur in the play. These are likewise a primary factor in the air that is made. Ross converses with an Old Man in Act 2 about â€Å"†¦the heavens† being â€Å"†¦troubled with man’s act† and says that â€Å"by th’ clock ’tis day† (II,iv, L 6-7). He is clarifying how the sky has been unendingly dull for whatever length of time that he (and the crowd) can recall. The impact of the sky being dim on Shakespeare’s crowd would be significant. Since they considered the to be of nature as made by God, an underhanded power toppling creation and the balance of nature would without a doubt stun and quieten the crowd. Ross likewise depicts reversals in the creature world. Ross’s first model is of â€Å"A falcon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  being â€Å"†¦hawked at, and killed† by a mousing owl (II,iv, L 12-13). He likewise tells how â€Å"Duncan’s horses†¦turned wild in nature†¦as they would make war with mankind†. Shakespeare here makes a reference to the â€Å"Chain of Being†, in which it was felt that all creatures, people, plants and articles had their place. The stories that Ross advises are all of animals attempting to climb in the Chain of Being. The owl is beneath the bird of prey in the Chain of Being, thus because of the heavenly, the owl needs to get more prominent and ‘usurp’ the hawk. The ponies are attempting to battle against people. Toward the beginning of the play, Macbeth is a male centric figure. He’s a solid warrior who is likewise faithful to King Duncan. This all progressions not long after he meets the witches. There was no chance he could ever consider slaughtering Duncan. For sure, his significant other needs to utilize a solid contention to convince him to proceed with the homicide. After he has proceeded with it, after a brief time of nervousness, and nearly madness, Macbeth doesn't stop for a second when intending to â€Å"seize upon Fife† and â€Å"give to the edge o’ th’ the blade/His better half his darlings, and every single disastrous soul that follow him in his line† (IV,iii, L 151-153). This shows what a sensational and frightening impact the witches predictions and Macbeth’s activities have had upon him. Toward the beginning of this paper I referenced how the witches set everything up of the play. During the play, they likewise proceed with the shrewdness and disrupting climate by their various appearances with Macbeth, or all alone. One such scene is toward the beginning of Act 4 when the witches all utilization incredible and engaging language to appall and astonish the crowd. For instance, a wide range of parts of a wide range of analyzed creatures are tossed into their â€Å"charmed pot†. They toss in the â€Å"wool of bat, and tongue of dog† and â€Å"eye of newt, toe of frog†. (IV,i, L 14-15). To Shakespeare’s crowd this will have disturbed the crowd as well as such black magic would have terrified them too. The other showy apparatus that Shakespeare utilizes is to utilize abnormal and distinctive characters to show how the fiendishness has been ingested into each living thing. I’ve as of now referenced the witches, yet about each character (with the exception of the ‘non-evil’ individuals like Duncan) are influenced somehow or another. Woman Macbeth is seen perusing a letter in Act I Scene 5, and furthermore conversing with the detestable spirits which she accepts to be affecting everything. This could show how she is influenced in the play all in all. Macbeth is likewise drastically influenced, as I have just referenced. The Porter is another character who is in the play to both interest and scare (two thoughts only from time to time utilized together). He does this through his noisy and forceful monologue and his referencing of sinister thoughts.

Leadership in Todays Business World Essay -- Management Leader

Section 1) Presentation: In the present all the more quickly evolving world, initiative wins all over the place. It is assuming a progressively significant job in our own life as well as in our expert life, since administration affects individuals. Along these lines, using administration satisfactorily can present to us a bit of appealing picture. To utilize acculturating activities is a basic initiative aptitude, which will be talked about in the accompanying sections, to rouse and move vitality of colleagues to accomplish the set objective. I might want to utilize Contingency Theory and Integrative Theory and Path Goal Model and Follower-boat to show that this basic expertise affects administration viability. Body: Authority is the capacity to motivate certainty, backing and trust among the individuals who need to accomplish authoritative objectives. (Chan and Maubourgne 1992) It constantly requires utilizing capacity to impact the considerations and activities of others so as to make new methodologies and envision new territories to investigate. This definition has underscored on affecting individuals to accomplish set objectives. At the end of the day, we can say, the goal of initiative is accomplishing objectives, then, the application is affecting others to inspire the vitality and invigorate the potential towards the objectives. The contemporary period is the time with steady changes and new requests. Taking into account this point, we can't place unitary authority into genuine work. As needs be, the term of possibility administration hypothesis (likewise in particular situational authority) is offered ascend to by those situational factors. This hypothesis takes note of that chiefs can change their styles to suit various conditions. For example, a sole ownership's pioneer drives self's business and t... ...g objective extraordinarily. Reference Chan, K. W. and Maubourgne, R. A. 1992, Parables of initiative, Harvard Business Review, July-August. Arrangement and Jenkins.1994 Book about overseeing Workers Operating Behind The Scenes (p xiii).(p257) Dubrin, An and Daglish, C.2003, Leadership: An Australian Focus, John Wiley, Brisbane. House, R.J, 1971, A way objective hypothesis of pioneer adequacy, Administrative Science Quarterly, 16 Howell, J. P., Bowen, D. E., Dorfman, P. W., Kerr S. and Podaskoff, P. 1990, 'Substitutes for authority: Effective options in contrast to inadequate administration', Organizational Dynamics, summer, (p 23) Mill operator, P. 2004, Leadership Study Guide, Southern Cross University, Lismore Pfeffer, J. 1997, 'The Ambiguity of Leadership', Academy of Management Review, (p104-12) Roger Cartwright. 2002 Mastering Team Leadership Palgrave Macmillan, New York (p123)

What is Subrogation

What is Subrogation Some legal terms can be confusing until they are explained in depth with real-life examples, one such term is ‘Subrogation’.You must have heard about it or even been subrogated yourself, but do you know what it is?Let’s get one thing perfectly clear, insurance carriers don’t pay your bills out of the goodness of their heart, they hold the authority to subrogate any party because of whom they had to pay the insured.Subrogation is a way where they get paid for the expenses they covered for your claim by a third-party, it allows them to recover the cost they used and keep running.Still not clear?Let’s find out more about Subrogation and understand it with illustrations from the real world.UNDERSTANDING SUBROGATIONIf you find the word ‘Subrogation’ scary, you’re not alone. It is an unfair repayment if you think about it, the insurance company that collects payments from you year after year diminishes the settlement that you’d get without them interfering with the indivi dual or organization (at-fault party) that caused you harm.Breaking down the concept of subrogation can help you understand better, so let’s do that and make sure you’re on the same page.Subrogation refers to one person (generally the insurance company) standing in place of another (the insured) to get the premiums from the at-fault party.The insurance carrier takes on your burden during a crisis and then seeks repayment of funds it provided you with from the individual responsible for the damage.There is, however, one downside to the subrogation process, if the insured individual (seeking the benefits from the firm to pay bills) wishes to file a lawsuit against the person at fault, the settlement amount decreases significantly as the insurance company has already claimed it on your behalf.This is not illegal because of the ‘subrogate clause’ included in the insurance company’s policy which you sign and accept at the time of applying for insurance.In the case of accidents, car insurance covers the cost of your totalled car relieving you from the debt but the company, in turn, files a lawsuit against the at-fault driver because of which the accident occurred in the first place.When this happens and the insurance company successfully recovers what it pays, it must then uniformly be distributed among the carrier and insured parties for any deductibles the insured had paid.The subrogation process works cohesively between the insurance companies of both involved parties to come to a mutual decision legally.It is common practice for the insurance companies to sue third parties that may have caused the loss which they had to pay.Subrogation lets the insurer stand in place of the insured individual and take legal action against the individual or group that have caused the loss.Here is a great video that explains the process. STEPPING INTO THE CLIENTS SHOESIt is often said that with subrogation the insurance company ‘steps into their client’s shoes’ and can penalize the other party which is responsible for the occurrence, for a claim that satisfied the client from the insurance company’s pocket.This is a breakdown of how subrogation works, step-by-step in the case of a car accident.What you must know first is that three parties are mainly involved in the subrogation process; the insured (policyholder), the insurer (the insurance company), and the party responsible for damages.Initially let’s assume the insured meets with an accident and their car gets totaled.The car insurance company covers the cost of the car for the insured (this is where the subrogation process really begins).After the insurance claim is filed by the insured and is successfully received, the insurance company goes after the party responsible for the damage on behalf of the policyholder.The insurer then recovers the expense that it paid to cover the insurer’s cost from the insurance company of the party accountable for the damage through a mutual settleme nt (the subrogation process ends here).Now, let’s go through the types of subrogation followed by some examples to understand the concept without any problem.TYPES OF SUBROGATIONIt is a misconception that only insurance companies hold subrogate rights, there are many cases where a person can be subjected to subrogation which don’t include insurance companies.Subrogation is a right which can arise in three different and very definitive ways; Equitable Subrogation, Contractual Subrogation, and Statutory Subrogation.Let’s discuss these types distinctively and comprehend the process of subrogation in different scenarios better.Equitable SubrogationEquitable Subrogation is a right that the paying party has to recover from the non-paying party basically.It allows one party to replace another party for a legal right and is linked with insurance companies during claim settlements most of the time.It is called ‘equitable’ because one party pays what must be paid by another.The obli gatory party which pays the obligation is called the ‘Subrogee’ whereas the party whose claim is being paid is the ‘Subrogor’.Equitable Subrogation is one of the main elements in the modern-day insurance policies along with the claims and processes associated with them.In most cases, there is a third party involved but, in a few cases, the damages that are caused cannot be traced to a responsible party, such as during floods and hurricanes.At such times, the insurer cannot file a lawsuit against any third-party making subrogation unnecessary and a waste of resources and damages occurred during such events are often listed as not claimable damages in the initial contract for the insured.Equitable Subrogation is often applicable in situations (theoretically not practically) where one party is liable for the loss, but the insurance company is not obliged to pay for the loss from its own pocket, it can recover the covered cost from the third-party.Let’s go on to the second typ e of subrogation, Contractual Subrogation.Contractual Subrogation and Conventional SubrogationContractual Subrogation mostly deals with relationships between the insured, insurer, and the third party and is also called as ‘Conventional Subrogation’.Like any other kind of subrogation, contractual subrogation also is a legal right related to insurance policies where the insurer (insurance company) gets to stand in the policyholder’s shoes to file a legal lawsuit after the insured (policyholder) is granted a claim by the company.After that, the policyholder has forfeited his right to sue the third-party to the insurer to recover their loss.However, at times the insured may not want to pursue the third-party offender due to personal reasons but with contractual subrogation, the at-fault individual is dealing with the insurance company that is now legally standing in place of the insured and will be filing a lawsuit without respect to the relationship between the insured and the of fender.Say, for example, you file for home insurance with any insurance company and entitle it with contractual subrogation.If you’re having a party with family and friends, and something goes wrong due to the fault of a friend’s child and the house catches fire.You will in such a case contact the insurance company to pay for the repairs and the insurer will be paying, however, you will not want to go after your friend to pay for the damage caused, but the insurance company definitely will without being concerned about spoiling your relationship with the friend.The insurance company will only be interested in getting repaid for the loss it covered.Let’s carry on to the last type Statutory Subrogation.Statutory SubrogationAs the name suggests, this type of subrogation is implied ‘statutorily’ without involving any premiums to be paid to an insurance company. It is an act that gives a party or a group of parties the right to subrogation.The most common example to understand this concept better is by considering the Texas Workers’ Compensation Law, an insurance program that is managed by the state of Texas.At times workers meet with accidents during work and are injured, this law is for the workers at these times.It requires the Texas employers (most of them) to pay for the medical treatment of the employee and provide his salary in the worker’s absence for a certain period.Based on the Texas Workers’ Compensation Act, the employer is given the benefit that the worker cannot sue him if he covers the cost without fail.Statutory subrogation works seamlessly without involving any unnecessary claims or the insurance company stepping into the policyholder’s shoes which makes it more straightforward than the other two types of Subrogation, in which disputes are common but with statutory subrogation, disputes are not so common.Basically, all types of subrogation are rights that are held by insurers and the policyholders to take legal action against th e at-fault party and get a settlement from the third partys insurance company.Here is why subrogation is important followed by some instances that will help you to grasp the notion of subrogation and the different types that come with it clearly.IMPORTANCE OF SUBROGATIONFor one, successful subrogation leads to lower insurance premium rates charged by the insurance company.How?The insurance companies calculate their premium charges based on the net costs which include the amount it recovers during subrogation.So, if the insurer had 300 customers and experiences around $30,000 in claims and settlements, then the insurance company will set its premium rates to $300 to avoid loss.But with better settlements during subrogation, the company can cut its premium rates down to $250 without facing any loss which when simply put means you will be saving $50.An insurance policy allows you to minimize the damaging effect when a risk occurs as the insurance company covers the cost at the time of accidents which are caused by third-parties. With a better Subrogation Clause, the insurance company can cover more costs at the time of need which makes them very important.So, lower premium rates were the financial upside of subrogation but what about the ethical upside?With subrogation, the loss is paid by the party at-fault or in a sense, the ‘wrongdoer’ making it a moral choice. It places the burden of the cost on the responsible party rather than the person facing the evitable damage or injury which is only fair.Another possible benefit of this doctrine is that the insured gets exactly what they bargained for in the insurance policy and not more than that (neither less).Which means that the insured cannot claim the benefits of recovering the cost twice, once from the insurance company and the second time by suing the wrongdoer in the court of law, Subrogation ensures a reasonable settlement.Although, if you wish you can exclude the subrogation clause from the agreement com pletely and deny the insurance company the right to stand in your place legally.This would, as a result, leave you with higher premium rates for the insurance policy that excludes the subrogation clause.Let’s discuss this concept in detail which is called a ‘Waiver of Subrogation’.WAIVE A SUBROGATIONA waiver of subrogation is a contract within the insurance policy which waives off the right of the insurer to go after the party responsible for their loss and the policyholder’s damage.Naturally, the insurance companies charge extra for waiving off the subrogation clause in the agreement as it revokes their right to go after the negligent party to recover their loss.By default, a right to subrogation allows the insurance carrier to stand in proxy for the insurance holder after it has paid the policyholder’s claim and recover the cost from the responsible party.When the subrogation is waived, the insurer (insurance company) is prone to greater risks as it cannot recoup from th e loss it suffers after the client (policyholder) has claimed the amount from them.Often tenants come across the term ‘waiver of subrogation’ if they have a renter’s insurance, but rarely know what it means.Firstly, a renter’s insurance is mandatory for any tenant who wants to be prepared for unlikely losses in the future, in case of accidents such as a fire or anything which can be caused by a third party and does not wish to pay for replacing everything from his own pocket.When you get the added benefit of waiving off the subrogation clause then that will cost you more as the company cannot recover from what it will pay you during calamities.Now let’s go through a brief example to understand this situation better.Suppose you are a tenant with renter’s insurance, and you meet with an accident due to the ceiling fan falling on you due to negligence by the landlord.In such a case, the insurance company is legally bound to cover your expenses and at the same time stand in your place by suing the landlord or coming to a reasonable settlement with their insurance company.However, when you revoke their right to subrogation with a ‘Waiver of Subrogation’ they cannot go after the landlord and are more prone to a loss than without a waiver.Getting a waiver of subrogation is the best option if you want to prevent the insurance company from going after friends and family members that could be responsible for an insurance claim.Without contacting your insurance company, you cannot decide of not suing the individual responsible for the damage caused under the subrogation clause in your insurance policy, if you make an agreement with the third-party to not sue them you are in turn violating that agreement with your insurer.For this, the insurer can drag you to the court unless you pay them compensation which will definitely be more than what they would have initially recovered from the third-party.Now that we know what Subrogation is let’s go through a fe w case studies which involve the subrogation right.CASE STUDIESCase Study 1: Commercial Water Loss â€" Montana â€" Mediated SettlementThis example for subrogation involves a sports good store, which underwent a huge loss due to the malfunctioning of a water sprinkler in the middle of the night.This mishap involved a lot of entities, like an alarm system which failed to notify the company on time, and the security company which failed to notice the water during their regular night inspections.The sprinkler system was, in fact, replaced just a few weeks prior to the occurrence.It was later found that the water sprinkler company and the alarm system company were both a part of the same corporation, making them one of the parties at-fault and the other being the on-site security agency that failed to report the water coming out of the store which could have minimized the loss.This resulted in the sports good store petitioning against these two companies getting compensated for the loss it faced through a mediated settlement without going to the court.Case Study 2: Workers Compensation and SubrogationWorkers compensation cases can be tricky and often the employers try to find ways to avoid paying for the accident.Let’s take a look at such a case through this instance where an employee met with a motor accident on his way to work.A Society Insurance senior claims adjuster was informed of the incident as it is the general practice in workers compensation cases.The employee was injured and needed to go through surgery after six months, for this he submitted a claim to the employer to tend to his medical costs and an extended paid leave for disability, this is where the adjuster came in.The adjuster worked out a settlement between the employee and the employer which concluded with the case being closed with the additional prevention that the worker could not file a claim again as the employer had accepted the settlement offer of around $2,62,000 and paid the employee , making the case fair for both the parties.These two case studies follow different approaches to get the insured party and the insurer paid and easily allow you to understand the general idea behind the principle of subrogation.The different types of subrogation are; equitable subrogation, contractual subrogation, and statutory subrogation.All of these types involve the insurance company or the insurer stepping into the shoes of the policyholder in a legal situation when the policyholder must file a lawsuit against the at-fault party.Based on personal choice, individuals can waive off the subrogation right held by their insurance company with a ‘Waiver of Subrogation’, for which the insurer charges an additional fee.In the Workers Compensation cases, the employer pays for any injury caused to the employee while working for the company.With the subrogation clause included in the insurance policy, the cost of the premiums you pay decreases and similarly in the case of exclusion o f the subrogation clause, you must pay an additional fee and the premiums that you pay will also increase.CONCLUSIONThe Subrogation clause allows the insurance company to recover the amount it paid when you filed an insurance claim because of a third -party offender.A waiver of subrogation does not enhance your coverage, that is a delusion that if you pay more you’ll be covered better when you need it, you’ll end up paying more and the insurance company too will not recover what it pays for your damage.To conclude, subrogation deals with three parties which are the insurer, insured, and the at-fault party.The insurance companies include the subrogation clause in the insurance policies so that they get repaid for the loss they covered.

Othello by William Shakespeare - 790 Words

Throughout Othello by William Shakespeare, Othello makes numerous poor decisions due to his jealousy. Hitting Desdemona, trusting Iago, and killing Desdemona are among a few of the poor decisions that he makes. The word jealous can be defined as feeling or showing suspicion of someones unfaithfulness in a relationship. Othello feels suspicious of Desdemona’s and Cassio’s relationship because of the lies that Iago tells him. Many people try to tell Othello the truth but he only believes the words of Iago. Even Emilia, Iago’s wife, tells Othello that Desdemona and Cassio are not having an affair and their interaction is business only, however; he does not trust her. Without Othello’s jealousy he would not have made these horrible decisions. Jealousy brings a sense of shame and humiliation. Othello becomes sexually jealous when Iago tells him that Cassio and Desdemona are having an affair. Jealousy makes Othello crazy and he becomes a beast. Othello fires Cassio, calls Desdemona the devil, and hits Desdemona all because of his jealousy. Iago tells Othello rumors and lies about Desdemona and Cassio even though they are innocent. Jealousy becomes a passion for Othello. The author of â€Å"Othellos Distinguishing Characteristics† states â€Å"the blow to Desdemona, and the scene where she is treated as the inmate of a brothel, a scene far more painful than the murder scene, is another cause of the special effect of this tragedy† (Bradley). This presents a time in the play when OthelloShow MoreRelatedOthello, By William Shakespeare957 Words   |  4 Pagesinnocent person kills himself while not knowing the truth. The best example of that would be the play Othello by the great William Shakespeare. As little as a handkerchief could make a difference if it is a symbol for something. In the play Othello by Shakespeare, handkerchief is first introduced by Othello to his beautiful mistress, Desdemona, as a sign of their love. At the end of the play what gets Othello to take extreme measures by the location of the handkerchief. As the symbol of the handkerchiefRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1599 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare’s 16th century play Othello is a duplicitous and fraudulent tale set alternatingly between Venice in act 1, and the island of Cyprus thereafter. The play follows the scandalous marriage between protagonist Othello, a Christian moore and the general of the army of Venice, and Desdemona, a respected and intelligent woman who also happens to be the daughter of the Venetian Senator Brabantio. Shakespeare undoubtedly positions the marriage to be viewed as heroic and noble, despiteRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1218 Words   |  5 PagesIn a historical time period where emphasis was shifting from religion to race and ethnicity, key indicators of differences that perpetuated into racial prejudice and racial ideologies are evident in Othello by William Shakespeare. Although racism was not fully formed at this moment in history, Othello can be interpreted as a representation and an exploration of this shift in ideology. In the past, before this change to ward racial differences, religion was the major segretory factor in signifyingRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare894 Words   |  4 Pagesthose that which occurred in Othello written by William Shakespeare. Throughout the play Othello, we see the struggles of a marriage that is not accepted by their society. Othello is a extremely cherished black general living in a primarily white community. The play begins with Othello secretly becoming married to a white woman named Desdemona. This reasons others who are white to become angry and excuse to dislike this black man further more than they already do. Othello is a downward spiral from loveRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1923 Words   |  8 Pagesdissatisfaction or complication is shown. Firstly in Othello love is presented as ephemeral and transient while atonement love is presented as unrequited and finally in cat on a hot tin roof love is presented as painful and troublesome due to unreciprocated feelings. The tragic plot of Othello hinges on the potential of the villain, Iago, to deceive other characters, above all Roderigo and Othello, through encouraging them to misinterpret what they see. Othello is prone to Iago s ploys seeing that he himselfRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare941 Words   |  4 Pageswas Williams Shakespeare’s play Othello which depicts the tragedy of Othello, a Morris Captain. What is different about Shakespeare play is that the tragic hero is the black Othello and the villain a white Iago. Therefore, Shakespeare depiction of Othello as a tragic character and Iago as a villain, challenges Elizabethan’s stereotypes regarding individuals of African descent. Shakespeare challenges the stereotypical â€Å"type –casting of the black man† in Elizabethan society by depicting Othello asRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1152 Words   |  5 Pages‘Othello’ was a tragedy of incomprehension at the deepest level of human dealings as no one in the play came to an understanding of himself or any of the surrounding characters. The play ‘Othello’ by William Shakespeare focused on tragedy through the anguish of the main character ‘Othello’ which lead to the suffering and death of numerous characters including himself. Appearance Vs. Reality challenged human dealings within the play ‘Othello’ as no-one came to see anyone’s true self and no-one seesRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pagesprofitable in condition of good and immorality. Othello is presented as good and Iago as evil, but Iago and Othello’s relationship also shares a distrust of their wives. The overall logical argument is based on love, jealousy and betrayal between two lovers that ultimately leads to their separation because of Iago’s evil plan. I am using this article to agree with Berry s view on how Iago separates two lovers just so he can take retaliation on Othello by manipulating everyone to unmasking their trueRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1140 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Othello† is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1603. In this play, Shakespeare features three major characters: Othello, Iago, and Desdemona. Othello, a black man, and Desdemona, a white venetian secretly eloped in the play. Iago shows racism and prejudice towards their relationship because of their skin colors. In the play, Iago says: â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise! Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, or else the devil will make aRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1825 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s plays transcends time and is renowned for their captivating plots and complex characters. Othello by William Shakespeare is a tragedy play th at portrays major themes such as racism, manipulation, and jealousy just to name a few. Throughout the whole play, these themes are represented through the conniving character from the play, Iago. Out of all the plays Shakespeare has written, Iago is believed to be the most complex villain of all times. During the play, Othello, a black

Descartes Surprise Ending in Discourse on Method

In one of the most influential books in the history of Western philosophy, Rene Descartes outlines a method mental reasoning, which he applies to a wide variety of fields and intellectual endeavors. For the first few books of Discourse on the Method, Descartes outlines first how the method came about as he was a pupil at school and had the realization that he was not actually learning anything important. He was therefore motivated to discover what truly constituted learning, knowledge, and truth. The philosopher can do this by doubting everything first. By doubting, he can use reason to discern what is real from unreal. Doubting is the focus of Book Two of Discourse on the Method. The method that Descartes applies to fields like geometry, which the author points out in Book Two. His doubting is more personal in Book Three. The surprise ending to Discourse on the Method comes when suddenly Descartes is no longer doubting something. He spends so much time in the first three books on doubting information, and letting go of his beliefs, that when he launches into his cogito ergo sum assertion, it comes to the reader as a great surprise. The surprise ending is that Descartes finds the first thing he cannot doubt, which is the fact that he exists. His existence is something that cannot be doubted, or else it would create a metaphysical conundrum: it is not possible to even think about doubting without first existing. The smallest thought cannot come from nothingness, and so,Show MoreRelatedAnalyzing the Surprise Ending in Descartes Discourse on the Method and the Meditations1051 Words   |  4 PagesSurprise Ending in Descartes In the book Discourses on the Method and the Meditations, author Rene Descartes famously questions the existence of humanity. His most famous quotation, the one for whom he is most remembered is I think therefore I am (Descartes 11). According to this idea, so long as a being has the ability to think then they existed. Animals have brains and therefore they must exist. In order to truly, exist, to be a thinking entity, a person or organism must utilize the abilityRead MoreDescartes and the Existence of God751 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Descartes: The existence of God Over the course of his treatise Discourse on the Method, the philosopher Rene Descartes attempts to refute radical skepticism, or the idea that we can know nothing with the mind, because what we consider reality may simply be a delusion or a dream. Descartes begins, however, by taking a posture of doubting everything, and then attempting to discern what could be known for certain. Rather than attempting to affirm his existence, I thought that a procedure exactlyRead MoreAnalysis of Descartes Argument788 Words   |  3 Pageswords) which analyzes the surprise ending of the reading selection.? Reading selection from Descartes Discourse on the Method (Part IV). Descartes begins with the problem of being able to prove his own existence but ends up with an argument proving the existence of God. Read more about the Discourse on the Method located at HYPERLINK http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/descdisc.pdf http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/descdisc.pdf. In his Discourse on the Method, Descartes essentially asked hisRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagestranslate Greimas s concept of actant is misleading and actant is usually kept (see Ducrà ´t and Todorov, Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Sciences of Language, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979, p. 224), and discours image when translated as image discourse is not very clear, since it is referring to film, which is made up of images. The following rough spots occur only once each: Unusual (p. 5) translates weakly insolite, which has also the connotation of strange, disquieting, surprising, unexpectedRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.......................................................................... 169 Unintended Innuendo ....................................................................................................................... 172 Disobeying Rules of Discourse......................................................................................................... 173 Not Sticking to the Issue and Not Treating It Fairly ..................................................................... 174 Not Accepting

The Influence Of Art On The Good And The Bad - 2236 Words

â€Å"With great power, comes great responsibility†, are the well-known words uttered by Spider Man’s uncle, Ben Parker. It is not just a great quote from a movie, it also happens to be a universal idea focusing on the moral and ethical considerations that an individual who yields a certain level of power must make. This idea reins true in every aspect of life to include the vast world of art. Art is, without question, very powerful. Art has the ability to influence people and cause change in their lives in both the good and the bad. According to the Chicago Sun Times actor Bill Murray’s life was saved once by Jules Breton’s famous painting Song of a Lark. The actor admitted that the painting stopped him from having suicidal thoughts and gifted him a new hope for life(cite needed). This is a positive example and this goes without saying there are negative ones as well. In other aspects Art also wields the power to generate and manipulate emotion, which can then be harnessed to cause animosity and hatred amongst mankind as done by the Nazi Party’s propaganda films of World War II. Joseph Goebbels, who was Nazi Germany’s Minister of Propaganda prior to and during the war, used film as a machine to generate an anti-semetic campaign to influence the German people and rally them in support of a master race. One such film, Der Ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew), 1940, which was a major project of Goebbles, was created with the intent to paint the Jewish race as a parasitical bunch thatShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Hollywood on Youth600 Words   |  3 Pageskids are becoming violent because they have watched too many bad movies. Some parents are even letting their little kids watch rated R movies, when they are supposed to be seventeen to watch them, even though they can teach you to do good things. Hollywood movies teach youth to do bad things because, some movies are teaching youth that it’s ok to smoke or drink, because H ollywood movies are setting a bad example. The movies that give kids bad examples are the ones that we need to get rid of. If we don’tRead MoreThe Perception Of Beauty Is Subjective And Dependent On The Viewer1645 Words   |  7 Pagescensorship of art. Plato argues that censorship is ultimately a good thing, whereas Mill contends that censorship is wrong and prevents movement towards progression. In Plato’s Republic, Plato uses the conversation with Socrates, Glaucon, and Adeimantus to discuss objections regarding forms of art. Within this conversation, Socrates displays desires to ban art from the city. He believes that art neglects reasoning and affects the passions undeviatingly. Socrates claims that the art form of poetryRead MoreThe Influence Of Art1255 Words   |  6 Pageshistory, art has been one of the few things prevailing throughout century by century. 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Lord Henry’s presence influence Dorian to value his youth and beauty to a higher extent which continues to bring about changes in Dorian’s personality and ethical views. Basil who continuously warns his beloved Dorian about the negativity of Henry’s virtues, is wary on the influence of Lord Henry’s cynicism. â€Å"He has a simpleRead MoreArt Effects Of The Picture Of Dorian Gray Essay978 Words   |  4 Pages2201 13 October 2016 Art-Effects in â€Å"The Picture of Dorian Gray† Art is defined as human activities that create visual or performed artworks, that expresses the author’s emotions, or imagination that serves a purpose for the viewer, and is meant to be appreciated for its beauty. In the book, The Picture of Dorian Gray, art is a very strong theme that is constantly being used through out the book. The idea of art is prominent to the reader. To some people art is pointless or just paintRead MoreSocrates946 Words   |  4 Pagesworld. Yes, there is a such thing as a soul. In mortals the soul is what makes us mortals, the body acts as the armor for the soul. The soul cannot survive outside of the body. Each individual has free will it is our preferences/decisions that influence us to the passages that we are on and the passages that we will acquire in the future. Our free will is what establishes our fate. Epistemology: Epistemology is a category of philosophy that researches the basis, character, means, and restrictionsRead MoreDifferentiating between Good and Bad Artists1038 Words   |  4 PagesDifferentiating Between Good and Bad Artists Is it about the music, or the Fame Monster? that is a serious question in the age of contemporary pop music (Leopold 2012). As Todd Leopold shows in his article Has Image Taken over Music? there are an increasing number of individuals within the music industry more interested in fame than perfecting their musical craft and achieving true recognition as a genuine artist. Although there is not a clear distinction between good and bad artists, the argumentRead MorePlato, in the â€Å"Republic â€Å", ambitiously sets out to prove that art imitates reality by distracting900 Words   |  4 Pagesthat art imitates reality by distracting us from the truth and appeals to socially destructive emotions. He continued his statement by referring that art provides no real knowledge, and that it undermines personal and social well being. In this paper, I will argue that Plato makes an invalid implicit assumption that the representation of life through arts is dangerous and doesn’t define the truth since it uses imitation. I will demonstrate that art might be misleading and can indeed influence the

Regaining Confidence Coca Cola Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Regaining Confidence Coca Cola. Answer: Introduction It was the year 1886 when Coca-Cola was invented by John Pemberton, a Pharmacist in Atlanta, Georgia. He sold the drink with fountain water in it as a medicine for mental and physical disorders. (World of Coca-Cola, 2017) After that Asa D. Candler added carbonation to it and by the year 2003, Coca-Cola became the worlds biggest manufacturer, distributor, and marketer of non-alcoholic beverages with 400 worldwide known brands under it. On 5th August 2003, an activist association of India, The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), specially focusing on the consequences of industrialization and economic growth towards environment issued a press release disclosing 12 major cold drink brands sold in and around Delhi contain a deadly cocktail of pesticide residues. (The Economic Times, 2003) The tests were organised by the Pollution Monitoring Laboratory (PML) of CSE between April to August. The 3 samples out of 12 Coca-Cola brands from Delhi were found to carry residues of pesticides 30-36 times more than that of global standards. The pesticides constituted were lindane, DDT, malathion and chlorpyrifos and they were known to be the causes of cancer, nervous system damage, birth defects, reproductive system damage, and major problems of the immune system. (Coca-Cola India, 2005) Reacting to this, the Government of India banned Coca-Cola commodities in the country. Both central and state governments started investigating the case. Coca-Cola quoted the CSE claims as baseless and doubted the methods of testing. To this CSE replied that all the definitive procedures described by US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) were followed. The tests also included Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. The whole controversy affected financially as sales dropped by 30-40 percent in just two weeks and 11 percent in third quarter. (Business-standard.com, 2003) Many potential clubs, retailers, college campuses and restaurants stopped selling Coca-Cola at their places. The consumers said that they believe in CSE findings and accord with the decision to ban the soft drinks. (Coca-Cola India, 2005) The management was quite clear that this allegation is to harm the image of the company and if it continues, the company will take legal action. The company arranged press conferences, where it questioned the credibility of CSE and told that the products are regularly tested at independent laboratories and this data will be uploaded to their website. A lot of advertisements in daily newspapers were launched stating the beverage is safe to drink. (Washingtonpost.com, 2006) Further, the Delhi High Court questioned the government to make a committee and revise the standards with inclusion of pesticide norms. The three stakeholder groups are public, Health Ministry of India and employees. The motivation to employees will be provided by a presentation where they will be told the truth that no pesticides are in drinks. A report will be sent to Health Ministry regarding the truth and the public will be addressed by a press release in daily newspaper. The aim of this media strategy is to reveal the truth. The press release covers a large audience who are buyers and responsible for increase or decrease in sales. A report is sent to the Health Ministry to take necessary steps. The best way to motivate employees is through presentation. This strategy will rebuild the confidence of stakeholders and ultimately benefit company. Report to Health Ministry There was a ban implied on our products by Government after considering the test result reports from CSE (Centre for Science and Environment), an activist group. We believe that the decision to ban our products was a bit fast because the Government reacted based on report only. We were not even asked to provide the test results that independent laboratories used to conduct for us on a regular basis. This is to inform you that we do not believe the reports provided by CSE because the tests were conducted by their own laboratory PML (Pollution Monitoring Laboratory). Here we clearly question the credibility of CSE. If the tests were to be done, they should have been conducted at independent laboratories. Kindly note that the most essential component of our business is maintaining the quality benchmarks. We cant uphold while deceiving and unaccredited information is utilized to ruin our trusted world class brand. Recent allegations have brought unneeded anxiety among Indian consumers. If it is not, cross checked, then it would damage our business in India and influence the livelihood of our huge number of employees all over the nation. The company wants to clear that the tests are also conducted by us and that too in independent world class laboratories following all the necessary standards. The results showed no such increased levels of pesticides in our beverages. All the test result reports are available on our website so that anyone can check them. The website also provides the information about the ongoing issues and there are some facts that clarifies that why our beverage brands should be trusted. All our products are safe and hygienic and can be used without any doubts. Before the production starts, testing is done and when the test results are acceptable, then only production starts. The health and hygiene of our consumers is the centre of our business. So, the instructions are quite clear at any of our plant and we have uniform global standards that are followed equally at each production unit in the world. It is not at all the case that different norms are for different countries. We again request you to interfere in this matter and bring the truth out to the people of country. Also, provide us the necessary improvised guidelines so that we can restart the plants. In this way, consumers can again enjoy drinking Coca-Cola and the lives of our employees can come on track. For any type of clarification regarding this issue or any other, the management of the company will always be there. We will keep you updated with every step we will take resolve this issue. Press Release to Daily Newspaper Coca-Cola India Floor 16, One Horizon Center, Sector 43, Gurugram, Haryana 122016 India Tel: +91 85120 97817 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Date. [Name of the Manager] Communications Manager e-mail: abc@xyz.com Coca-Cola: Always Safe Coca-Cola wants to assure the consumers of India that your Coca-Cola is safe to drink. There were reports by an activist firm about increased residues of pesticides in our beverages. We completely deny the allegations. Recently, there was a news alleging us about the quality measures of our beverages in India. The activist organization conducted some tests in its subsidiary laboratory and spread the news of pesticides in our beverages. We consider these charges critical. The company wants to guarantee you that our products in India are as safe as in any other part of the world. The most essential component of our business is maintaining the quality benchmarks. We cannot uphold while deceiving and unaccredited information is utilized to ruin our trusted world class brand. Recent allegations have brought unneeded anxiety amongst you all. If it is not, cross checked, then it would damage our business in India and impact the livelihood of our huge number of employees all through the nation. This is just to deteriorate our image in the market. The Health ministry is also notified about this issue. A request is placed with Ministry of Health to interfere in this matter, remove the ban from our products and bring the truth out to the people of India. We also deny the tests because they were conducted in the laboratory that is subsidiary of this activist organization. These allegations are very serious and the company conducted fresh tests at independent laboratories. The results are made available on our website where anybody can access them and recognize the truth. Some, myths that are making rumours in the market are also clarified on the website. All doubts will be cleared if you read the information available on the companys website. The company wants to reassure that there are no elevated levels of pesticides in any of the beverages of our brand. We regularly test our products and when the results are satisfactory, then only production starts. The health and hygiene of consumers is the core of our business. No compromise was ever done and will never be done towards the health of the consumers. We know that we cannot survive in the market if our products will harm the consumers. The company will take legal action against the activist for deteriorating the image of Coca-Cola. For more information, the management from the company will always be there. As long as there's a need, regardless of how substantial or little, we will answer the call for help in every way possible. Coca-Cola India, is the Indian subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company, USA. Coca-Cola re-entered the Indian market in 1993 and constantly growing each year with 27 wholly-owned bottling operations supplemented by 29 franchisee bottling operations and 29 contract packers. Coca-Cola is ranked #1 brand globally according to Interbrands Global Brand Scorecard. References Business-standard.com. (2003). Coke sales fall 11% on pesticide controversy. [online] Available at: https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/coke-sales-fall-11-on-pesticide-controversy-103102901064_1.html [Accessed 23 May 2017]. Coca-Cola India. (2005). 1st ed. [ebook] Dartmouth: Tuck School of Business. Available at: https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjmzL3Tk4jUAhWMRY8KHfPnAE0QFggjMAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fmba.tuck.dartmouth.edu%2Fpdf%2F2004-1-0085.pdfusg=AFQjCNF5jJ41yYbfuWEN4MeJdmpGY7cbWAsig2=GhMoSEz8MTrWJ6YApL0c-Q [Accessed 23 May 2017]. Coca-Cola India. (2017). Coca-Cola India. [online] Available at: https://www.coca-colaindia.com/ [Accessed 23 May 2017]. India, M. (2017). Department of Health and Family Welfare: Ministry of Health Family Welfare. [online] Mohfw.gov.in. Available at: https://mohfw.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1level=1sublinkid=5691lid=3609 [Accessed 23 May 2017]. The Economic Times. (2003). Pesticide controversy takes toll on Pepsi, Coca-Cola - The Economic Times. [online] Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/saal-the-year/pesticide-controversy-takes-toll-on-pepsi-coca-cola/articleshow/381859.cms [Accessed 23 May 2017]. Washingtonpost.com. (2006). Coke Responds to India Pesticide Charges. [online] Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/08/AR2006080800694.html [Accessed 23 May 2017]. World of Coca-Cola. (2017). Coca-Cola History ? World of Coca-Cola. [online] Available at: https://www.worldofcoca-cola.com/about-us/coca-cola-history/ [Accessed 23 May 2017].

Hamlet Novel Essays (250 words) - Characters In Hamlet, Fiction

Hamlet Novel Hamlet by William Shakespeare, is a tragic play which distracts the human instincts of innocents and guilt. Gertrude and Ophelia are faultless, while Hamlet and Claudius where are accountable for their deaths as well as others. unfortunately the anger and need for revenge resulted in the death of innocent. Gertrude who is completely ignorant to her husbands death shows her innocents after the second duel between Hamlet and Laertes when she drinks from "the poison cup. It is too late"(Shakespeare V.2 line 286). Unfortunately her death had to prove her innocents. Ophelia who seems to be in the middle of things is completely innocent after being told to "have you(Opelia) so slander any moment leisure as to give words or talk with Lord Hamlet"(Shakespeare I.3 line133-134). Opelia being told this doesn't know who to trust which makes her innocent. Also in Hamlet, Claudius and Hamlet are accountable for several deaths which makes them guilty. In proving Claudius is guilty, Hamlet ask the players (actors) to perform a play that acts out the murdering of his father, King Hamlet. By acting out this play it would prove Claudius guilty by his reaction to the play because "madness in great ones must not unwatched go"(Shakespeare III. 1 line 203). After Claudius enraged attitude after the performance proves his guiltiness. Hamlets guilt comes from his need to get revenge, Hamlets father comes to him as a ghost asking him to help "revenge his foul and most unnatural murder"(Shakespeare I.5 linr27). Though helping him get revenge innocent people die which makes him guilty.

Comparative Criminal Justice Essays (Varied)

Comparative Criminal Justice Essays (Varied) Free Online Research Papers Our world is no longer defined by its borders; financial transactions, business meetings, and personal communications between people half the globe away can all be done within milliseconds thanks to the technology we have, literally, at our fingertips. The advent of this technology has also yielded another by-product, other than the ability to communicate at speeds Edison and Einstein only theorized about: the need to study and understand the systems of justice that exist in the many corners of our world. Since modern technology allows for nations to interact considerably more freely than they did even 10 years ago, the ability to understand and compare the many justice systems of the world is paramount. One reason why the need to study the various justice systems of the world is paramount to students, is that the status quo should never be allowed to exist unchecked. For example, a student of the American criminal justice systems does themselves a disservice if the only system of law they study and find acceptable is their own criminal justice system. â€Å"A comparative view of legal systems allows us to understand better the dimensions of our own system† (Reichel, 2008, p.4-5). Another reason to study the justice system of other countries is that it allows the student the benefit of understanding how other societies deal with various crimes and social ills. For instance, a student who only has been exposed to a legal system who imprisons those found guilty of drug offenses, should not believe themselves to be well-rounded on the subject if they do not expose themselves to other legal systems where these types of crimes are handled differently, and include alternate forms of punishment outside of their own model of criminal justice. Lastly, by studying the justice systems of other countries allows for a student to create ways in which the legal system of their own country may possibly be modified to function more effectively and efficiently. â€Å"A technique used in one country to combat crime might be successfully adapted for use in another country† (Reichel, 2008, p.5). For example, can the conflict resolution techniques for the crime of theft by the Aboriginal people of Australia be adapted into the restorative justice practices used in Houston, Chicago, or Seattle (Reichel, 2008)? It seems our world becomes smaller and smaller each passing day. However, as much as modern technology has allowed us to communicate and execute business transactions between countries as never before, it has yet to familiarize the various criminal justice systems of the world in quite the same manner as technology has allowed people in California to share computer files with people in Finland. 2. The legal traditions recognized throughout the modern world are mostly creatures of the alpha-male societies of the ancient world. As the ancient world was claimed and re-claimed by various civilizations, one lasting impression that was left, even after some civilizations changed roles from conquerors to those who became conquered, was their respective system of law. Although the maps of the world have changed, scholars recognize that four legal traditions exist in our world today. One of these traditions is the common legal tradition. Rooted in ancient Roman society, the common legal tradition is centered on three tenets: feudal practices, customs, and equity. Even after the Romans hold over the ancient world became untenable, this one facet of their legal system remained, especially in the lands of their northwest conquests, such as present day England and Wales. During the Middle Ages in Western Europe, society was clearly demarcated into three realms: the king, nobles, and peasants. The king ruled supreme over a designated country or large geographical area, the nobles were charged with ensuring that the king’s lands were governed as the king saw fit, and that taxes were also collected. The peasants’ role was that of laborers and to maintain the king’s lands. As time progressed, this class system came to include more and more layers. â€Å"By the 1200s, when feudalism was on decline, several layers of feudal relations existed, f or example, the vassals of an important baron (the vassals’ lord) were in turn the lord of their own vassals† (Reichel, 2008, p. 107.) Since the crops and the land still had to be maintained, peasants remained a constant. However, as disagreements between lords and lords, and lords and their underlings began to occur, some measure had to be in place so that each layer of the feudal world had a form of legal remedy. Borrowing from Anglo-Saxon customs, William the Conqueror (1066-1087) introduced a system by which royal courts were created where barons presided over disputes between lesser nobles, and disputes among peasants were heard by the lord of their manor rather than in a royal court (Reichel, 2008). The use of custom is also rooted in the Anglo-Saxon and English feudal epochs. During these periods there emerged a reliance on the previous decisions a court had made in deciding a case that was presently before a court. This became a practice that was more frequently used and accepted, and laid the groundwork for the current practice of allowing precedent to govern how a court decides a case, or stare decisis. Lastly, the use of equity (or fairness) also defines common law. For too long those at the bottom of the social strata, seeking a legal remedy, found that those in power either provided too little punishment or an excessive amount of it. This became most prevalent during the mid-1350s, when â€Å"the people turned to the king and asked him to add fairness to the law† (Reichel, 2008, p. 110.) With the addition of equity as a free standing and permanent facet of the common law, this legal tradition has remained viable to the present day in such countries as the United States and Australia. Another legal tradition is called the civil legal tradition. Historically, this tradition is attributed most to the ancient Romans. The Romans delineated their justice system into three bodies. These legislative bodies enacted statutes for the nobility, senators, and the common people to follow. â€Å"The earliest form of written Roman law dates to 451 and 450 BCE, when a council of 10 men inscribed 12 bronze tablets with specifics concerning the rights of Roman citizens† (Reichel, 2008, p. 112). Another ingredient of civil law is canon law. Roman civil law was the universal law of the worldly empire, and canon law was the universal law of the spiritual realm (Merryman, 1985). Whereas civil courts administered Roman civil law, ecclesiastical courts managed the canon law (Reichel, 2008). Since Roman civil law and canon law were centered on existing via statutes, the codification of each provided for the final ingredient to this type of legal tradition. â€Å"Roman law and canon law provided a tradition of codification that, in turn, emphasized a revolutionary nature of law and stressed its written form† (Reichel, 2008, p. 114-115). The polar opposite of law driven by custom, codification gives civil law a revolutionary character and written format that adds to its separate identity among legal families (Reichel, 2008). Today, civil law is used by such countries as Italy, Colombia, and Holland. A third type of legal tradition is the socialist legal tradition. This legal tradition, created by the Roman Empire being split into an Eastern and Western Empire, distinguished itself from the Roman civil legal tradition in the west mainly because of geography. â€Å"Russian legal history borrows from the Eastern or Byzantine Empire, primarily because Russia’s contact with the eastern Romans did not occur until the 10th century† (Reichel, 2008, p. 117). Prior to Russia falling under Mongol rule in the 13th century, the main source of law came from the Russian Code of Laws which was written by Grand Prince Iaroslav the Wise (Reichel, 2008). During the Mongol control of Russia, Russian princes still retained their positions as judges, since keeping them in such positions allowed the Mongols to keep control and maintain law and order of a very vast and diverse country. â€Å"Control by Mongols essentially ended by 1490, and in 1497 the Grand Prince of Moscow issued a new Code of Laws for all territories subject to Moscow† (Reichel, 2008, p. 118). These laws echoed those of the Russian Code of Laws, but they also formed the foundation of Russia’s monarchical regime, which gave the power of interpreting the law to the grand prince who, in time, became known as the czar. Another hallmark of the socialist legal tradition is the belief of law as being artificial. This mindset was cultivated by many years of the common people witnessing the law benefitting the Bourgeoisie (the nobility) while alienating the Proletariat (common people). This manner of thinking existed for a long time, so long that by the time Marxism-Leninism took over Russian society one of its main teachings was that the need for law, any law, would cease to exist. After Marxism-Leninism became the focal point of post-revolution Russia, â€Å"the primary principle directing the new Soviet law was the idea that law is subordinate to policy† (Reichel, 2008, p. 120). The thought process here was that if the concept of law is artificial, it can be applied or disregarded as policy dictates. ‘The policy to which law is subordinate places the rights of the collectivized economy and the socialist state above the idea of law or the rights of an individual† (Reichel, 2008, p.120). With the demise of the Soviet Union and the independence of many former Soviet controlled countries, the socialist legal tradition appears to be the one tradition most likely to fade away. Today, this legal tradition is used only by a few of countries (Cuba, North Korea, China, and Vietnam). The final legal tradition centers on religion, more specifically the Islamic religion. Although this tradition can encompass other religions, such as Hinduism and Judism, with more than 1.3 billion followers Muslims represent about 20% of the world’s population, and as such deserve to be selected over other religions (Reichel, 2008). Islam is based on the teachings of their recognized god Allah and his messenger named Muhammad. Whereas Catholics, Protestants, Christians, and Lutherans are all religions that in some form govern the way a person should act towards themselves and others, none of these religions are as all encompassing of a person’s life the way Islam is. â€Å"Islam recognizes no distinction between a legal system and other controls on a person’s behavior, in fact Islam is said to provide all answers to questions about appropriate behavior in any sphere of life† (Reichel, 2008, p. 123). The Islamic faith has two sources of Islamic law (referred to as Shari’a). The primary source is the Qur’an. According to Reichel (2008), â€Å"The Qur’an contains rules for the religious, personal, social, economic, and all other aspects of Muslims’ lives†. The second source is called the Sunna. It is from this source that Muslims learn of the teachings of Muhammad. This is done via statements (or hadith) Muhammad made that have been handed down through the millennia from one trusted source to another. â€Å"A hadith contains three important parts: the statement itself; an indication of its authority by reference to the chain of reporters (i.e., A heard it from B who heard it from C who heard it from a companion of Muhammad); and a comment regarding the report as being something Muhammad did, said, or approved â€Å" (Reichel, 2008, p. 125). Islamic law is divided into five schools (or madhahib) of law: the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi’I, Hanbali, and Fa’afari. Each of these schools of Islamic law recognizes the four basic sources of Islamic law (the Qur’an, the Sunna, qiyas, and ijma). â€Å"Cases not seemingly answered by the Qur’an or Sunna were to be handled through a consensus of legal authorities (the ijma) and by a process of reasoning by analogy, or qiyas† (Reichel, 2008, p. 126). However, the five schools are differentiated in the manner in which they interpret the teachings of Muhammad. Today, only Afghanistan and the Maldives practice strict Islamic law, while countries such as Egypt, Iraq, Qatar, India, and Saudi Arabia practice a combination of Islamic law and other traditions. Research Papers on Comparative Criminal Justice Essays (Varied)Capital PunishmentThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionOpen Architechture a white paper

Retroviridae Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Retroviridae - Essay Example Based on the similarities in amino acid sequences in the reverse transcriptase proteins of retroviruses (Coombs, Medscape, the retroviruses can be classified into: alpharetroviruses, betaretroviruses, gammaretroviruses, deltaretroviruses, epsilonretroviruses, lentiviruses and spuma-viruses (Table-1). The alpharetroviruses, betaretroviruses, and gammaretroviruses are considered simple retroviruses; the deltaretroviruses, epsilonretroviruses, lentiviruses, and spuma-viruses are considered complex (Coombs, Medscape). Avian sarcoma and leukosis viral group, mammalian B-type viral group, murine leukemia-related viral group, human T-cell leukemia–bovine leukemia viral and D-type viral group were formerly known as oncogenic retroviruses (Coffin, NCBI). Retroviruses are further classified into simple and complex categories based on the organization of their genomes. There are 3 major coding domains which are common to all the retroviruses. These domains have information for virion proteins. The domains are known as gag, pol and env. Gag directs the synthesis of internal virion proteins that form the matrix, the capsid, and the nucleoprotein structures. Pol contains the information for the reverse transcriptase and integrase enzymes and env contains information for the synthesis of the surface and transmembrane components of the viral envelope protein. In addition to all these major coding domains, there is one smaller coding domain common to all retroviruses. It is called pro and it codes for the virion protease. Simple retroviruses are those which carry only this elementary information. All oncogenic members except the human T-cell leukemia virus–bovine leukemia virus (HTLV-BLV) genus are simple retroviruses. Complex retrov iruses code for additional regulatory non-virion proteins derived from multiple spliced messages. The additional coding domains include tat, rev, etc.

Patrick Lee and Robert P. George The Wrong of Abortion critically Essay

Patrick Lee and Robert P. George The Wrong of Abortion critically analyzing their argument. Clearly spell out how and why the premises lead to the conclusion - Essay Example That is true to a certain extent. When it comes to the fact that an unborn child is growing inside the mother, that does not mean she has the right to abort the pregnancy. It may be a fact that involuntary childbirth has caused deaths (Lee and George 2005). However, some people do not look at the fetus as a person. People forget, when it comes to abortion, that the unborn child and the mother are two separate entities. Thus, in all actuality, the child is only hitching a ride with mother for only a few months until it is ready to make its way into this world (Kidd 1999). The mother may have rights to be happy. But even our own government, which is full of hypocrites, wrote into our Declaration of Independence that all men are created equal and are endowed rights by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness (Kidd 1999). This proves that even the fetus that is being carried by the mother has the right to live since it was created by God. Furthermore, if a woman pregnant with child is killed by someone, that person is going to be charged with two murders, not one. The law even takes in account the unborn child and prosecutes for the untimely death of the child inside the mother’s womb as well as the mother herself (ChristiaNet). Some people would lead us to believe that the fetus is not a person until it has the ability to be sentient and think for itself. The problem I see in that statement refers to young newborn children. If you say yes that a fetus is not a person since it cannot think for itself, then you must think that a newborn is not a person either. Newborns do not have the ability to think for themselves either. However, we still consider them people. Biologically, how can a fetus not be considered a person? At six weeks of gestation the fetus begins to develop a heartbeat. Thus, to me this essentially shows us that the fetus is a person. Also, it has been proven that a

Features of Karate

Features of Karate Karate-do Introduction Karate is a martial art that was originally created in Japan. The main idea of karate is battling and defending by using defensive and counteroffensive body movements including punches and kicks. The psychological and ethical characteristics of karate aim to advance and improve the student in general. The term karate is a mixture of two Chinese characters: kara (empty) and te (hand), thus karate means empty hand. The suffix -do is added to the word karate to indicate that karate as an overall way of life. An individual who practices karate is sometimes referred to as a karateka. The conventional karate-do is a difficult sport and it takes time and dedication to become a master in this martial art. Three components of karate   Ã‚   The five main karate styles are: Shotokan, Shito-ryu, Goju-ryu, Wado-ryu, and Kyokushin. Karate training is separated into three sections: Kihon, Kata, and Kumite. Kihon means basic techniques. These techniques are mostly attacking moves, blocking moves, stances, and other movements. The trainer demonstrates a certain move, which is then imitated by the student. It is vital to practice and repeat the basic fundamental movements because as a result, the student develops the right techniques. Kata means form. It is a sequence of certain movements displayed in a pattern that the student has to memorize. It represents a battle or a fight against an enemy or enemies. In karate training, every kata begins with a block and this proves that defense is the most significant aspect of karate. In karate, there are numerous katas as they help at shaping the body and mind. The katas are performed slowly with full strength and help at developing control of the entire body, mind, breathing, rhythm, and breathing. In order to perform the katas in the right way, they have to be repeated thoroughly and carefully with full relaxation and focus. Kumite means partner work. In karate, there should not be any opponents or enemies, only partners. Traditional kumite help advance karate students both mentally and physically with the help of their partners. Karate ranks In karate, different colored belts indicate the ranking and the skill level of a karate practitioner. Once a karate student has obtained a karate belt of a certain/rank, people can see your ranking and that you have dedicated your time getting to that level. Simply because somebody has a white belt tied to him/her, it doesnt mean that he/she is not experienced in karate, it means that the person is ready to thrive to gain the skill. There are nine belt colors in karate: white, orange, blue, red, black, yellow, green, purple, and brown. Not all karate schools/clubs use all of these colors and the arrangement of the belts/ranks differ from school to school. The role of an instructor is very important in karate and they have different behaviors. Some teachers easily hand out new belts without thinking and others are careful when choosing the student who deserves a higher rank. Karate belt colors vary from school to school. Some schools include the colors red and purple in their system, while others only have 7 colors. Some schools also use stripped belts with different colors. The order of the belt colors may vary, but most of the time, the white belt is for the beginner and the black belt is the highest ranked belt color. Three of the most common orders of belt colors are: 1. White, yellow, orange, green, blue, purple, red, brown, black. 2. White, red, yellow, orange, green, blue, purple, brown, black. 3. White, yellow, green, orange, red, blue, purple, brown, black. To get to the next phase/belt, the student is required to dedicate his time into improving every day and trying his/her best. Generally, it takes anywhere from 8 to 18 months of training and practice to move to the next phase in karate. The more you practice, the faster you will get a new belt. Each of nine colors of belts in karate have meaning behind them. White Belt: The white belt is the symbol of purity. This makes sense because those who are just starting out in karate are innocent and do not know how much work and discipline is required in order to become a master in karate. This level introduces the basics and the first ideas about karate. This is the beginning of a path to mastery. Yellow Belt: Once a student gets a yellow belt, it means that he/she is past the introductory level of karate and has basic understanding of the art and has the ability to do basic karate. The yellow belt represents energy. The student now has more control over their bodys energy. Orange Belt: The symbol of an orange belt is stability. Practicing karate includes basic punches, kicks, blocks, and postures. The basic skills gained from the first three belts will be necessary to progress in karate because all of the techniques learned in higher belts will be learned upon the basic skills. Purple belt: Once a student gets a purple belt, it means that he/she has advanced from beginner to intermediate level. At this stage, students should be able to understand all basic strikes and blocks. They should also be comfortable with controlling and moving their body in order to do a certain strike/block. Blue belt: A student who has a blue belt must learn to adapt to given situations. Karate belt colors vary from school to school. Some schools include the colors red and purple in their system, while others only have 7 colors. Some schools also use stripped belts with different colors. The order of the belt colors may vary, but most of the time, the white belt is for the beginner and the black belt is the highest ranked belt color. Three of the most common orders of belt colors are: 1. White, yellow, orange, green, blue, purple, red, brown, black 2. White, red, yellow, orange, green, blue, purple, brown, black 3. White, yellow, green, orange, red, blue, purple, brown, black To get to the next phase/belt, the student is required to dedicate his time into improving every day and trying his/her best. Generally, it takes anywhere from 8 to 18 months of training and practice to move to the next phase in karate. The more you practice, the faster you will get a new belt. Each of nine colors of belts in karate have meaning behind them. White Belt The white belt is the symb ol of purity. This makes sense because those who are just starting out in karate are innocent and do not know how much work and discipline is required in order to become a master in karate. This level introduces the basics and the first ideas about karate. This is the beginning of a path to mastery. Yellow Belt Once a student gets a yellow belt, it means that he/she is past the introductory level of karate and has basic understanding of the art and has the ability to do basic karate. The yellow belt represents energy. The student now has more control over their bodys energy. Orange Belt The symbol of an orange belt is stability. Practicing karate includes basic punches, kicks, blocks, and postures. The basic skills gained from the first three belts will be necessary to progress in karate because all of the techniques learned in higher belts will be learned upon the basic skills. Purple belt Once a student gets a purple belt, it means that he/she has advanced from beginner to interme diat

ebonics Essay example -- essays research papers

Ebonics means 'black speech' (a blend of the words ebony 'black' and phonics 'sounds'). The phrase was created in 1973 by a group of black scholars who disliked the negative connotations of terms like 'Nonstandard Negro English' that had been coined in the 1960s when the first modern large-scale linguistic studies of African American speech communities began. However, the term Ebonics never caught on amongst linguists, much less among the general public. That all changed with the 'Ebonics' controversy of December 1996 when the Oakland (CA) School Board recognized it as the 'primary' language of its majority African American students and resolved to take it into account in teaching them standard or academic English. Clearly there is a problem with these children that may be addressed by looking at language. The role that Ebonics may play in changing the above statistics is a practical question. Only the completion of a program including Ebonics, and time, will reveal the answer. Whatever the basic agenda in Oakland California, it is important to look at the question of Ebonics from the point of view of doing what is best for children. Acknowledging the strength of Ebonics in no way suggests teaching Ebonics in place of Standard English. Acknowledging the strength of Ebonics can and should serve to ease the teaching of Standard English. Many people see Ebonics as "gutter language", and "slang", and are quite outspoken about it. These beliefs are deeply rooted in society. Resistance to the acknowledgment that Blacks who use Ebonics may be speaking a unique language is very strong, but I believe it is important to challenge the belief that Ebonics is "slang". Some peop le have stated that the movement to recognize Ebonics is Afro-Centrism at its worst. I would argue that the attempts to squelch Ebonics are Euro-Centrism at its worst and most intense. Ebonics includes non-slang words like ashy (referring to the appearance of dry skin, especially in winter), which have been around for a while, and are used by people of all age groups. These distinctive Ebonics pronunciations are all logical. For example, Ebonics speakers often create sentences without present tense is and are, as in " They allright or "They allright". But they don't leave out present tense am. Instead of the ungrammatical *"Ah walkin", Eboni... ...uite different and that the conditions necessary for the emergence of a fully-fledged creole language were never met in the US. These scholars have shown on a number of occasions that what look like distinctive features of AAVE today actually have a precedent in various varieties of English spoken in Great Britain and the Southern United States. It seems reasonable to suggest that both views are partially correct and that AAVE developed to some extent through restructuring while it also inherited many of its today distinctive features from older varieties of English, which were once widely spoken. While the situation in this case is made more extreme by the context of racial and ethnic conflict, inequality and prejudice in the United States, it is not unique. Such undecided attitudes towards abnormal varieties of a language have been documented for many communities around the world and in the United States. References: Smitherman, G. (1991). Talking and testifyin: Black English and the Black experience. In Reginald Jones (Ed.) Black Psychology.(3rd ed., pp. 249-268). Berkeley, CA: Cobb & Henry Spears, A. K. (1984). Towards a new view of Black English. The Journal, 1, 94-103.

Charles Baudelaire

Born in Paris in 1821, Charles Baudelaire has long been recognized as not only one of the greatest poets of the nineteenth century but also a forefather of modern art. Baudelaire lived during a tumultuous time in French history and his work was impacted by a number of political events. However, his personal life was also turbulent: One of the most scarring episodes of his life was the death of his father in 1827 and his mother's hasty remarriage to a general in the French army. Baudelaire detested his stepfather both personally and as a symbol of the corrupt July monarchy established following the 1830 Revolution.He went to great lengths to upset his stepfather, squandering his inheritance and living a bohemian lifestyle. Worried about his behavior, his family sent him on a trip across the Mediterranean, whose exotic beauty left a lasting impression on the young poet. Shortly after Baudelaire's return to Paris, the 1848 Revolution overthrew the July monarch and established a republic in France for the first time in more than fifty years. Baudelaire greeted the revolution with enthusiasm, fighting among the barricades and openly defying his stepfather in public.However, his joy soon turned to disenchantment when Louis Napoleon, the original Napoleon's nephew, overthrew the Second Republic in 1851. Louis Napoleon's coup d'etat instituted the Second Empire, ending the hopes for a republican form of government that men like Baudelaire favored. His disenchantment then turned to despair when Louis Napoleon began an intense rebuilding and public works project aimed at modernizing Paris. Baudelaire was horrified with the destruction of the ancient and medieval sections of Paris that he had called his home. His longing for the â€Å"old† Paris would play a major role in his poetry.Baudelaire's disgust with politics led to a rejection of reality in favor of an obsessive fantasy world inspired by drugs, the exotic beauty of the Mediterranean, and the search for lov e. He was strongly influenced in this regard not only by his experiences along the Mediterranean but also by Edgar Allen Poe, whose writings he translated into French. Baudelaire was fascinated by Poe's evocation of the dark side of the imagination, and he found a comparably sinister seductiveness in the paintings of Eugene Delacroix and Edouard Manet, as well as the music of Wagner. These themes and influences play a redominant role in Baudelaire's 1857 collection of poetry, The Flowers of Evil, which juxtaposed the negative themes of exile, decay, and death with an ideal universe of happiness. Baudelaire's exotic themes quickly caught the attention of the government, which condemned The Flowers of Evil for immorality. Unlike his friend, Gustave Flaubert, whose Madame Bovary was also put on trial, Baudelaire lost his case, had to pay a fine, and was forced to remove some poems from the collection. Baudelaire was devastated by this rejection of his work, which he attributed to the h ypocrisy of a bourgeoisie incapable of understanding artistic innovation.Yet at the same time, he saw the condemnation of his work as the culmination of the different themes and events that had shaped his artistic talent since his youth: no achievement of beauty could be unaccompanied by bitterness and disappointments. Indeed, with this philosophy, Baudelaire shifted the attention of the art world to the darker side of life, inspiring contemporary and future artists to new levels of perception and provocation. Analysis A confession of hopes, dreams, failures, and sins, The Flowers of Evil attempts to extract beauty from the malignant.Unlike traditional poetry that relied on the serene beauty of the natural world to convey emotions, Baudelaire felt that modern poetry must evoke the artificial and paradoxical aspects of life. He thought that beauty could evolve on its own, irrespective of nature and even fueled by sin. The result is a clear opposition between two worlds, â€Å"spleen † and the â€Å"ideal. † Spleen signifies everything that is wrong with the world: death, despair, solitude, murder, and disease. (The spleen, an organ that removes disease-causing agents from the bloodstream, was traditionally associated with malaise; â€Å"spleen† is a synonym for â€Å"ill-temper. ) In contrast, the ideal represents a transcendence over the harsh reality of spleen, where love is possible and the senses are united in ecstasy. The ideal is primarily an escape of reality through wine, opium, travel, and passion. Dulling the harsh impact of one's failure and regrets, the ideal is an imagined state of happiness, ecstasy, and voluptuousness where time and death have no place. Baudelaire often uses erotic imagery to convey the impassioned feeling of the ideal. However, the speaker is consistently disappointed as spleen again takes up its reign. Read also Edgar Allan Poe DrugsHe is endlessly confronted with the fear of death, the failure of his will, and the suffocation of his spirit. Yet even as the poem's speaker is thwarted by spleen, Baudelaire himself never desists in his attempt to make the bizarre beautiful, an attempt perfectly expressed by the juxtaposition of his two worlds. As in the poem â€Å"Carrion,† the decomposing flesh has not only artistic value but inspires the poet to render it beautifully. Women are Baudelaire's main source of symbolism, often serving as an intermediary between the ideal and spleen.Thus, while the speaker must run his hands through a woman's hair in order to conjure up his ideal world, he later compares his lover to a decomposing animal, reminding her that one day she will be kissing worms instead of him. His lover is both his muse, providing ephemeral perfection, and a curse, condemning him to unrequited love and an early death. Women, thus, embody both what Baudelaire called th e elevation toward God and what he referred to as the gradual descent toward Satan: They are luminous guides of his imagination but also monstrous vampires that intensify his sense of spleen, or ill temper.The result is a moderate misogyny: Baudelaire associates women with nature; thus, his attempt to capture the poetry of the artificial necessarily denied women a positive role in his artistic vision. Baudelaire's poetry also obsessively evokes the presence of death. In â€Å"To a Passerby,† a possible love interest turns out to be a menacing death. Female demons, vampires, and monsters also consistently remind the speaker of his mortality. However, the passing of time, especially in the form of a newly remodeled Paris, isolates the speaker and makes him feel alienated from society.This theme of alienation leaves the speaker alone to the horrific contemplation of himself and the hopes of a consoling death. Baudelaire further emphasizes the proximity of death through his relia nce on religious imagery and fantasy. He earnestly believes that Satan controls his everyday actions, making sin a depressing reminder of his lack of free will and eventual death. Finally, elements of fantastical horror–from ghosts to bats to black cats– amplify the destructive force of the spleen on the mind.Baudelaire was inspired by Edgar Allen Poe's Tales of Mystery and Imagination, and he saw Poe's use of fantasy as a way of emphasizing the mystery and tragedy of human existence. For example, Baudelaire's three different poems about black cats express what he saw as the taunting ambiguity of women. Moreover, the presence of tortured demons and phantoms make the possibility of death more immediate to the speaker, prefiguring the fear and isolation death will bring. Summary Baudelaire famously begins The Flowers of Evil by personally addressing his reader as a partner in the creation of his poetry: â€Å"Hypocrite reader–my likeness–my brother! In â⠂¬Å"To the Reader,† the speaker evokes a world filled with decay, sin, and hypocrisy, and dominated by Satan. He claims that it is the Devil and not God who controls our actions with puppet strings, â€Å"vaporizing† our free will. Instinctively drawn toward hell, humans are nothing but instruments of death, â€Å"more ugly, evil, and fouler† than any monster or demon. The speaker claims that he and the reader complete this image of humanity: One side of humanity (the reader) reaches for fantasy and false honesty, while the other (the speaker) exposes the boredom of modern life.The speaker continues to rely on contradictions between beauty and unsightliness in â€Å"The Albatross. † This poem relates how sailors enjoy trapping and mocking giant albatrosses that are too weak to escape. Calling these birds â€Å"captive kings,† the speaker marvels at their ugly awkwardness on land compared to their graceful command of the skies. Just as in the introdu ctory poem, the speaker compares himself to the fallen image of the albatross, observing that poets are likewise exiled and ridiculed on earth. The beauty they have seen in the sky makes no sense to the teasing crowd: â€Å"Their giant wings keep them from walking. Many other poems also address the role of the poet. In â€Å"Benediction,† he says: â€Å"I know that You hold a place for the Poet / In the ranks of the blessed and the saint's legions, / That You invite him to an eternal festival / Of thrones, of virtues, of dominations. † This divine power is also a dominant theme in â€Å"Elevation,† in which the speaker's godlike ascendancy to the heavens is compared to the poet's omniscient and paradoxical power to understand the silence of flowers and mutes. His privileged position to savor the secrets of the world allows him to create and define beauty.In conveying the â€Å"power of the poet,† the speaker relies on the language of the mythically subli me and on spiritual exoticism. The godlike aviation of the speaker's spirit in â€Å"Elevation† becomes the artistry of Apollo and the fertility of Sybille in â€Å"I love the Naked Ages. † He then travels back in time, rejecting reality and the material world, and conjuring up the spirits of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, and Hercules in â€Å"The Beacons. † The power of the poet allows the speaker to invoke sensations from the reader that correspond to the works of each artistic figure.Thus, he uses this power–his imagination– to create beacons that, like â€Å"divine opium,† illuminate a mythical world that mortals, â€Å"lost in the wide woods,† cannot usually see. After first evoking the accomplishments of great artists, the speaker proposes a voyage to a mythical world of his own creation. He first summons up â€Å"Languorous Asia and passionate Africa† in the poem â€Å"The Head of Hair. † Running his fingers through a woman's hair allows the speaker to create and travel to an exotic land of freedom and happiness.In â€Å"Exotic Perfume,† a woman's scent allows the speaker to evoke â€Å"A lazy island where nature produces / Singular tress and savory fruits. † The image of the perfect woman is then an intermediary to an ideal world in â€Å"Invitation to a Voyage,† where â€Å"scents of amber† and â€Å"oriental splendor† capture the speaker's imagination. Together with his female companion, the speaker expresses the power of the poet to create an idyllic setting just for them: â€Å"There, all is nothing but beauty and elegance, / Luxury, calm and voluptuousness. † FormBaudelaire was a classically trained poet and as a result, his poems follow traditional poetic structures and rhyme schemes (ABAB or AABB). Yet Baudelaire also wanted to provoke his contemporary readers, breaking with traditional style when it would best suit his poetry's overall effect. For example, in â€Å"Exotic Perfume,† he contrasted traditional meter (which contains a break after every fifth syllable in a ten-syllable line) with enjambment in the first quatrain. The result is an amplified image of light: Baudelaire evokes the ecstasy of this image by juxtaposing it with he calm regularity of the rhythm in the beginning of the poem. Other departures from tradition include Baudelaire's habit of conveying ecstasy with exclamation points, and of expressing the accessibility of happiness with the indicative present and future verb tenses, both of which function to enhance his poetry's expressive tone. Moreover, none of his innovations came at the cost of formal beauty: Baudelaire's poetry has often been described as the most musical and melodious poetry in the French language. Commentary The Flowers of Evil evokes a world of paradox already implicit in the contrast of the title.The word â€Å"evil† (the French word is â€Å"mal,â₠¬  meaning both evil and sickness) comes to signify the pain and misery inflicted on the speaker, which he responds to with melancholy, anxiety, and a fear of death. But for Baudelaire, there is also something seductive about evil. Thus, while writing The Flowers of Evil, Baudelaire often said that his intent was to extract beauty from evil. Unlike traditional poets who had only focused on the simplistically pretty, Baudelaire chose to fuel his language with horror, sin, and the macabre.The speaker describes this duality in the introductory poem, in which he explains that he and the reader form two sides of the same coin. Together, they play out what Baudelaire called the tragedy of man's â€Å"twoness. † He saw existence itself as paradoxical, each man feeling two simultaneous inclinations: one toward the grace and elevation of God, the other an animalistic descent toward Satan. Just like the physical beauty of flowers intertwined with the abstract threat of evil, Baudelair e felt that one extreme could not exist without the other.Baudelaire struggled with his Catholicism his whole life and, thus, made religion a prevalent theme in his poetry. His language is steeped in biblical imagery, from the wrath of Satan, to the crucifixion, to the Fall of Adam and Eve. He was obsessed with Original Sin, lamenting the loss of his free will and projecting his sense of guilt onto images of women. Yet in the first part of the â€Å"Spleen and Ideal† section, Baudelaire emphasizes the harmony and perfection of an ideal world through his special closeness to God: He first compares himself to a divine and martyred creature in â€Å"TheAlbatross† and then gives himself divine powers in â€Å"Elevation,† combining words like â€Å"infinity,† â€Å"immensity,† â€Å"divine,† and â€Å"hover. † The speaker also has an extraordinary power to create, weaving together abstract paradises with powerful human experiences to form an ideal world. For example, in â€Å"Correspondences,† the speaker evokes â€Å"amber, musk, benzoin and incense / That sing, transporting the soul and sense. † He not only has the power to give voice to things that are silent but also relies on images of warmth, luxury, and pleasure to call upon and empower the reader's senses.In â€Å"Exotic Perfume,† the theme of the voyage is made possible by closing one's eyes and â€Å"breathing in the warm scent† of a woman's breasts. In effect, reading Baudelaire means feeling Baudelaire: The profusion of pleasure-inducing representations of heat, sound, and scent suggest that happiness involves a joining of the senses. This first section is devoted exclusively to the â€Å"ideal,† and Baudelaire relies on the abstraction of myth to convey the escape from reality and drift into nostalgia that the ideal represents. This theme recalls the poet's own flight from the corruption of Paris with his trip along the Mediterranean.In â€Å"The Head of Hair,† the speaker indeterminately refers to â€Å"Languorous Africa and passionate Asia,† whose abstract presence further stimulates the reader's imagination with the mythical symbolism of â€Å"sea,† â€Å"ocean,† â€Å"sky,† and â€Å"oasis. † The figure of women further contributes to this ideal world as an intermediary to happiness. The speaker must either breathe in a woman's scent, caress her hair, or otherwise engage with her presence in order to conjure up the paradise he seeks. His fervent ecstasy in this poem derives from the sensual presence of his lover: â€Å"The world†¦ o my love! wims on your fragrance. † Spleen and Ideal, Part I Summary Baudelaire famously begins The Flowers of Evil by personally addressing his reader as a partner in the creation of his poetry: â€Å"Hypocrite reader–my likeness–my brother! † In â€Å"To the Reader,† the speaker evok es a world filled with decay, sin, and hypocrisy, and dominated by Satan. He claims that it is the Devil and not God who controls our actions with puppet strings, â€Å"vaporizing† our free will. Instinctively drawn toward hell, humans are nothing but instruments of death, â€Å"more ugly, evil, and fouler† than any monster or demon.The speaker claims that he and the reader complete this image of humanity: One side of humanity (the reader) reaches for fantasy and false honesty, while the other (the speaker) exposes the boredom of modern life. The speaker continues to rely on contradictions between beauty and unsightliness in â€Å"The Albatross. † This poem relates how sailors enjoy trapping and mocking giant albatrosses that are too weak to escape. Calling these birds â€Å"captive kings,† the speaker marvels at their ugly awkwardness on land compared to their graceful command of the skies.Just as in the introductory poem, the speaker compares himself to the fallen image of the albatross, observing that poets are likewise exiled and ridiculed on earth. The beauty they have seen in the sky makes no sense to the teasing crowd: â€Å"Their giant wings keep them from walking. † Many other poems also address the role of the poet. In â€Å"Benediction,† he says: â€Å"I know that You hold a place for the Poet / In the ranks of the blessed and the saint's legions, / That You invite him to an eternal festival / Of thrones, of virtues, of dominations. This divine power is also a dominant theme in â€Å"Elevation,† in which the speaker's godlike ascendancy to the heavens is compared to the poet's omniscient and paradoxical power to understand the silence of flowers and mutes. His privileged position to savor the secrets of the world allows him to create and define beauty. In conveying the â€Å"power of the poet,† the speaker relies on the language of the mythically sublime and on spiritual exoticism. The godlike aviation of the speaker's spirit in â€Å"Elevation† becomes the artistry of Apollo and the fertility of Sybille in â€Å"I love the Naked Ages. He then travels back in time, rejecting reality and the material world, and conjuring up the spirits of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, and Hercules in â€Å"The Beacons. † The power of the poet allows the speaker to invoke sensations from the reader that correspond to the works of each artistic figure. Thus, he uses this power–his imagination– to create beacons that, like â€Å"divine opium,† illuminate a mythical world that mortals, â€Å"lost in the wide woods,† cannot usually see. After first evoking the accomplishments of great artists, the speaker proposes a voyage to a mythical world of his own creation.He first summons up â€Å"Languorous Asia and passionate Africa† in the poem â€Å"The Head of Hair. † Running his fingers through a woman's hair allows the speaker to create and travel to an exotic land of freedom and happiness. In â€Å"Exotic Perfume,† a woman's scent allows the speaker to evoke â€Å"A lazy island where nature produces / Singular tress and savory fruits. † The image of the perfect woman is then an intermediary to an ideal world in â€Å"Invitation to a Voyage,† where â€Å"scents of amber† and â€Å"oriental splendor† capture the speaker's imagination.Together with his female companion, the speaker expresses the power of the poet to create an idyllic setting just for them: â€Å"There, all is nothing but beauty and elegance, / Luxury, calm and voluptuousness. † Form Baudelaire was a classically trained poet and as a result, his poems follow traditional poetic structures and rhyme schemes (ABAB or AABB). Yet Baudelaire also wanted to provoke his contemporary readers, breaking with traditional style when it would best suit his poetry's overall effect.For example, in â€Å"Exotic Per fume,† he contrasted traditional meter (which contains a break after every fifth syllable in a ten-syllable line) with enjambment in the first quatrain. The result is an amplified image of light: Baudelaire evokes the ecstasy of this image by juxtaposing it with the calm regularity of the rhythm in the beginning of the poem. Other departures from tradition include Baudelaire's habit of conveying ecstasy with exclamation points, and of expressing the accessibility of happiness with the indicative present and future verb tenses, both of which function to enhance his poetry's expressive tone.Moreover, none of his innovations came at the cost of formal beauty: Baudelaire's poetry has often been described as the most musical and melodious poetry in the French language. Commentary The Flowers of Evil evokes a world of paradox already implicit in the contrast of the title. The word â€Å"evil† (the French word is â€Å"mal,† meaning both evil and sickness) comes to sign ify the pain and misery inflicted on the speaker, which he responds to with melancholy, anxiety, and a fear of death.But for Baudelaire, there is also something seductive about evil. Thus, while writing The Flowers of Evil, Baudelaire often said that his intent was to extract beauty from evil. Unlike traditional poets who had only focused on the simplistically pretty, Baudelaire chose to fuel his language with horror, sin, and the macabre. The speaker describes this duality in the introductory poem, in which he explains that he and the reader form two sides of the same coin. Together, they play out what Baudelaire called the tragedy of man's â€Å"twoness. He saw existence itself as paradoxical, each man feeling two simultaneous inclinations: one toward the grace and elevation of God, the other an animalistic descent toward Satan. Just like the physical beauty of flowers intertwined with the abstract threat of evil, Baudelaire felt that one extreme could not exist without the other . Baudelaire struggled with his Catholicism his whole life and, thus, made religion a prevalent theme in his poetry. His language is steeped in biblical imagery, from the wrath of Satan, to the crucifixion, to the Fall of Adam and Eve.He was obsessed with Original Sin, lamenting the loss of his free will and projecting his sense of guilt onto images of women. Yet in the first part of the â€Å"Spleen and Ideal† section, Baudelaire emphasizes the harmony and perfection of an ideal world through his special closeness to God: He first compares himself to a divine and martyred creature in â€Å"The Albatross† and then gives himself divine powers in â€Å"Elevation,† combining words like â€Å"infinity,† â€Å"immensity,† â€Å"divine,† and â€Å"hover. † The speaker also has an extraordinary power to create, weaving together abstract paradises with powerful human experiences to form an ideal world.For example, in â€Å"Correspondences,â €  the speaker evokes â€Å"amber, musk, benzoin and incense / That sing, transporting the soul and sense. † He not only has the power to give voice to things that are silent but also relies on images of warmth, luxury, and pleasure to call upon and empower the reader's senses. In â€Å"Exotic Perfume,† the theme of the voyage is made possible by closing one's eyes and â€Å"breathing in the warm scent† of a woman's breasts. In effect, reading Baudelaire means feeling Baudelaire: The profusion of pleasure-inducing representations of heat, sound, and scent suggest that happiness involves a joining of the senses.This first section is devoted exclusively to the â€Å"ideal,† and Baudelaire relies on the abstraction of myth to convey the escape from reality and drift into nostalgia that the ideal represents. This theme recalls the poet's own flight from the corruption of Paris with his trip along the Mediterranean. In â€Å"The Head of Hair,† the sp eaker indeterminately refers to â€Å"Languorous Africa and passionate Asia,† whose abstract presence further stimulates the reader's imagination with the mythical symbolism of â€Å"sea,† â€Å"ocean,† â€Å"sky,† and â€Å"oasis. † The figure of women further contributes to this ideal world as an intermediary to happiness.The speaker must either breathe in a woman's scent, caress her hair, or otherwise engage with her presence in order to conjure up the paradise he seeks. His fervent ecstasy in this poem derives from the sensual presence of his lover: â€Å"The world†¦ o my love! swims on your fragrance. † Spleen and Ideal, Part II Summary Despite the speaker's preliminary evocation of an ideal world, The Flowers of Evil's inevitable focus is the speaker's â€Å"spleen,† a symbol of fear, agony, melancholy, moral degradation, destruction of the spirit–everything that is wrong with the world. The spleen, an organ that rem oves disease-causing agents from the bloodstream, was traditionally associated with malaise; â€Å"spleen† is a synonym for â€Å"ill-temper. â€Å") Although the soothing ideal world in the first section does remain a significant presence for the speaker, it will now serve primarily as a reminder of his need to escape from a torturous reality. Even â€Å"The Ideal† begins with â€Å"They never will do, these beautiful vignettes. † Baudelaire's juxtaposition of the poem's title (â€Å"The Ideal†) with its content suggests that the ideal is an imagined impossibility.He insists that he cannot find the ideal rose for which he has been looking, declaring that his heart is an empty hole. The comforting, pure, and soothing presence of a woman has also given way to â€Å"Lady Macbeth, mighty soul of crime. † As the speaker acknowledges in â€Å"Earlier Life,† the beautiful majesty of blue waves and voluptuous odors that fill his dreams cannot ful ly obscure â€Å"the painful secret that lets me languish. † Baudelaire uses the theme of love and passion to play out this interaction between the ideal and the spleen.In â€Å"Hymn to Beauty,† he asks a woman: â€Å"Do you come from the deep sky or from the abyss, / O Beauty? Your look, infernal and divine, / Confuses good deeds and crimes. † The speaker projects his anxiety at a disappointing reality onto a woman's body: Her beauty is real but it tempts him to sin. Both angel and siren, this woman brings him close to God but closer to Satan. He then refers to his lover as a witch and demon in â€Å"Sed non Satiata† (â€Å"Still not Satisfied†). The reality of her tortuous presence awakens him from his opium-induced dream, his desire pulling him toward hell.This ambivalence between the ideal and the spleen is also played out with the juxtaposition of the speaker's lover to a decaying corpse in â€Å"Carrion. † While out walking with his lo ver, the speaker discovers rotting carrion infested with worms and maggots, but which releases pleasing music. He compares the carrion (a word for dead and decaying flesh) to a flower, realizing that his lover will also one day be carrion, eaten by worms. Just like the corpse, nothing will be left of their â€Å"decomposed love. † The theme of death inspired by the sight of the carrion plunges the speaker into the anxiety of his spleen.The nostalgic timelessness and soothing heat of the sun are replaced by the fear of death and a sun of ice in â€Å"De Profundis Clamavi† (â€Å"From Profoundest Depths I Cry to You†). The mythical and erotic voyage with a woman in the ideal section is now phantasmagoric pursuit by cats, snakes, owls, vampires, and ghosts, all of whom closely resemble the speaker's lover. In two separate poems both entitled â€Å"The Cat,† the speaker is horrified to see the eyes of his lover in a black cat whose chilling stare, â€Å"prof ound and cold, cuts and cracks like a sword. In â€Å"The Poison,† the speaker further associates the image of his lover with death. Unlike opium and wine, which help the speaker evade reality, the evasion of his lover's mouth is the kiss of death: â€Å"But all this doesn't equal the poison kiss / Arising in your green eyes. † The section culminates with four poems entitled â€Å"Spleen. † Depressed and â€Å"irritated at the entire town,† the speaker laments the coming of death and his defunct love, as a ghost and the â€Å"meager, mangy body of a cat† evoke the haunting specter of his lover. In the next â€Å"Spleen,† the speaker watches the world around him decompose.He is swallowed up by death, comparing himself to a cemetery, a tomb, and a container for withered roses. Empty physically and spiritually, only the miasma of decay is left for him to smell. In the fourth and final â€Å"Spleen,† the speaker is suffocated by the tradi tionally calming presence of the sky. Devoid of light, â€Å"the earth becomes a damp dungeon, / When hope, like a bat, / Beats the walls with its timid wings / And bumps its head against the rotted beams. † Drenched by rain and sorrow, the bells of a nearby clock cry out, filling the air with phantoms.Horrified and weeping with misery, the speaker surrenders as, â€Å"Anguish, atrocious, despotic, / On my curved skull plants its black flag. † Form Baudelaire uses the structure of his poems to amplify the atmosphere of the speaker's spleen. In â€Å"Spleen† (I) each stanza accumulates different levels of anguish, first beginning with the city, then creatures of nature and nightmare, and finally, other objects. This layered expression of pain represents Baudelaire's attempt to apply stylistic beauty to evil. Moreover, his sentences lose the first-person tense, becoming grammatically errant just as the speaker is morally errant.By beginning the first three stanzas of â€Å"Spleen† (IV) all with the word â€Å"When,† Baudelaire formally mirrors his theme of monotonous boredom and the speaker's surrender to the inexorable regularity and longevity of his spleen. Another aspect of Baudelaire's form is his ironic juxtaposition of opposites within verses and stanzas, such as in â€Å"Carrion,† with â€Å"flower† and â€Å"stink. † Commentary Baudelaire is a poet of contrasts, amplifying the hostility of the speaker's spleen with the failure of his ideal world. Like the abused albatross in the first section, the poet becomes an anxious and suffering soul.It is important to remember that the speaker's spleen is inevitable: It occurs despite his attempts to escape reality. The flowers he hopes to find on a â€Å"lazy island† in â€Å"Exotic Perfume† do not exist: It is the stinking carrion that is the real â€Å"flower† of the world. The failure of his imagination leaves him empty and weak; havi ng searched for petals, he finds their withered versions within himself. The poetry itself suggests a resurgence of the ideal through its soothing images only to encounter the disappointing impossibility of calming the speaker's anxiety.In this sense, the speaker's spleen is also the poet's. Indeed, the gradual climax and terror of the speaker's spleen in â€Å"Spleen† (IV) has often been associated with Baudelaire's own nervous breakdown. The hostile and claustrophobic atmosphere of the speaker's world is most eloquently expressed in the failure of his ability to love. The poet originally intends his love to be a source of escape but is soon reminded of the cruel impossibility of love that characterizes his reality. For him, love is nothing but a decomposing carrion. Instead of life, love reminds him of death: A woman's kiss becomes poisonous.Baudelaire often spoke of love as the traditionally artistic attempt to escape boredom. Yet he never had a successful relationship and as a result, the speaker attributes much of his spleen to images of women, such as Lady Macbeth and Persephone. Cruel and murderous women, such as the monstrous female vampire in â€Å"The Vampire,† are compared to a â€Å"dagger† that slices the speaker's heart. But Baudelaire also finds something perversely seductive in his demoniacal images of women, such as the â€Å"Femme Fatale† in â€Å"Discordant Sky† and the â€Å"bizarre deity† in â€Å"Sed non Satiata. Baudelaire often described his disgust at images of nature and found fault in women for what he saw as their closeness to nature. However, what comes through in the poetry is not so much Baudelaire's misogyny as his avowed weakness and insatiable desire for women. The speaker's spleen involves thoughts of death, either in the form of an eventual suicide or the gradual decay of one's body. Sickness, decomposition, and claustrophobia reduce the expansive paradise of the speaker's ideal to a single city pitted against him.Baudelaire felt alienated from the new Parisian society that emerged after the city's rebuilding period, often walking along the city streets just to look at people and observe their movements. This self-imposed exile perfectly describes the sense of isolation that pervades the four â€Å"Spleen† poems. Yet while the city alienates and isolates, it does not allow for real autonomy of any kind: The speaker's imagination is haunted by images of prison, spiders, ghosts, and bats crashing into walls.Unlike the albatross of the ideal, the bat of the spleen cannot fly. This restriction of space is also a restriction of time, as the speaker feels his death quickly approaching. Baudelaire saw the reality of death as fundamentally opposed to the imagined voyage to paradise; rather, it is a journey toward an unknown and terrible fate. The â€Å"frightful groan† of bells and the â€Å"stubborn moans† of ghosts are horrific warning signs of the impending victory of the speaker's spleen. According to the poet, there are no other sounds. Parisian Landscapes SummaryBaudelaire now turns his attention directly to the city of Paris, evoking the same themes as the previous section. In â€Å"Landscape,† he evokes a living and breathing city. The speaker hears buildings and birds singing, also comparing window lamps to stars. He considers the city a timeless place, passing from season to season with ease. It is also a space of dreams and fantasy, where the speaker finds â€Å"gardens of bronze,† â€Å"blue horizons,† and â€Å"builds fairy castles† during the night. Paris becomes an enchanted city, where even a beggar is a beautiful princess.For example, the speaker admires the erotic beauty of a homeless woman in â€Å"To a Red-headed Beggar Girl,† especially her â€Å"two perfect breasts. † He does not see her rags but, rather, the gown of a queen complete with pearls formed from drop s of water. The speaker then laments the destruction of the old Paris in â€Å"The Swan. † Evoking the grieving image of Andromache, he exclaims: â€Å"My memory teems with pity / As I cross the new Carrousel / Old Paris is no more (the shape of a city /Changes more quickly, alas! than the heart of a mortal). All he sees now is the chaos of the city's rebuilding, from scaffolding to broken columns. Baudelaire then juxtaposes the pure but exiled image of a white swan with the dark, broken image of the city. The swan begs the sky for rain but gets no reply. The speaker forces himself to come to grips with the new city but cannot forget the forlorn figure of the swan as well as the fate of Andromache, who was kidnapped shortly after her husband's murder. The presence of the grieving Andromache evokes the theme of love in the city streets.But in the modern city, love is fleeting–and ultimately impossible– since lovers do not know each other anymore and can only cat ch a glimpse of each other in the streets. In â€Å"To a Passerby,† the speaker conjures up a beautiful woman and tries to express his love with one look: they make eye contact, but it is quickly broken, as they must each head their separate ways. The encounter is tragic because they both feel something (â€Å"O you who I had loved, O you who knew! â€Å") and yet they know that their next meeting will be in the afterlife; a foreboding presence of death looms over the poem's end.Baudelaire continues to expose the dark underside, or spleen, of the city. (The spleen, an organ that removes disease-causing agents from the bloodstream, was traditionally associated with malaise; â€Å"spleen† is a synonym for â€Å"ill-temper. â€Å") In â€Å"Evening Twilight,† he evokes â€Å"cruel diseases,† â€Å"demons,† â€Å"thieves,† â€Å"hospitals,† and â€Å"gambling. † The different aspects of the city are compared to wild beasts and anthills, while â€Å"Prostitution ignites in the streets. † Paris becomes a threatening circus of danger and death where no one is safe.By the end of the section, in â€Å"Morning Twilight,† â€Å"gloomy Paris† rises up to go back to work. Form It is important to note that most of the poems in this section are dedicated to Victor Hugo, who composed long epic poems about Paris. In this context, Baudelaire abandons the structure and rhythm of the previous section in order to emulate Hugo's own style. However, in â€Å"To a Passerby,† Baudelaire returns to his original form, using a traditional sonnet structure (two quatrains and two three-line stanzas).As in â€Å"Spleen and Ideal,† he emphasizes the imperfection of the speaker's spleen with imperfections in meter, isolating the words â€Å"Raising† and â€Å"Me† at the beginning of their respective lines. Commentary Baudelaire was deeply affected by the rebuilding of Paris after the r evolution of 1848. Begun by Louis-Napoleon in the 1850s, this rebuilding program widened streets into boulevards and leveled entire sections of the city. Baudelaire responded to the changing face of his beloved Paris by taking refuge in recollections of its mythic greatness but also with a sense of exile and alienation.The swan symbolizes this feeling of isolation, similar to the â€Å"Spleen† poems in which the speaker feels that the entire city is against him. The Swan asks God for rain in order to clean the streets and perhaps return Paris to its antique purity but receives no response. Suddenly, the city itself has become a symbol of death as its rapid metamorphoses remind the speaker of the ruthlessness of time's passage and his own mortality: â€Å"The shape of a city /Changes more quickly, alas! than the heart of a mortal. † The speaker sees Paris as a modern myth in progress, evoking such mythological figures as Andromache and Hector.Even the negative aspects o f city life, ranging from prostitution to gambling, are described as animals, giving Baudelaire's poetry an allegorical quality. For example, in â€Å"Evening Twilight,† the poet evokes â€Å"Dark Night,† which casts its shadow over the ants, worms, and demons, symbolizing Parisian prostitution, theater, and gambling. Together, the city, its vices, and its people form a mythical, â€Å"unhealthy atmosphere,† instructing the reader to learn his or her lesson. Yet Paris is primarily a cemetery of failed love, as described in